President Donald Trump’s “big, beautiful” bill cleared a critical hurdle Saturday night after the Senate voted largely along party lines to start debate on the sweeping tax and immigration package.
Senators voted 51 to 49 to advance the bill following Republican Sens. Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, Rick Scott of Florida, Mike Lee of Utah and Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming throwing their support behind opening debate on the measure. Every Senate Democrat voted “no,” delivering on Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer’s pledge that his entire caucus would oppose the president’s domestic policy bill. (‘Ultimate Betrayal’: White House Issues Stark Warning For GOP Holdouts On Trump Bill)
Republican Sens. Rand Paul of Kentucky and Thom Tillis of North Carolina voted against the motion to proceed, citing deep substantive concerns with the bill. Senate Majority Leader John Thune held the vote open for more than three hours as Senate GOP leadership and Vice President JD Vance lobbied GOP holdouts to back the measure.
Johnson initially voted against the motion to proceed, arguing the bill needed to incorporate more deficit reduction and that the quick vote did not allow for sufficient debate on the fiscal impacts of the budget package. Senate GOP leadership unveiled revised text shortly before midnight Friday.
The successful vote unlocks up to 20 hours of debate on the Senate proposal before the upper chamber will commence a marathon session of voting known as a “vote-a-rama.” Schumer is also forcing the Senate’s clerks to read the entire 940-page bill before proceeding to debate on the bill, which could delay proceedings by more than half a day.
Senators are expected to vote on a lengthy list of amendments from both Republicans and Democrats seeking a variety of substantive changes to the bill during the “vote-a-rama” before voting on final passage of the budget package.
Republican Utah Sen. Mike Lee, one of the GOP holdouts who ultimately voted “yes,” withdrew his controversial public lands sale proposal after his colleague, Republican Montana Sen. Tim Sheehy, threatened to file an amendment to strip the provision from the bill. Sheehy and his fellow Montanan, Republican Sen. Steve Daines, vigorously opposed the sale of any federal lands despite the proposal exempting Montana.
Lee said he would work with the president to make certain federal lands eligible for housing instead.
Congressional Republicans are using the so-called budget reconciliation process to steer around Democrat’s opposition by passing the president’s landmark bill by a simple majority vote. The sweeping bill incorporates a permanent extension of the expiring provisions of the 2017 Trump tax cuts, shields certain Americans from temporary taxation on tipped wages and overtime pay, devotes hundreds of billions in new funding for immigration enforcement and defense priorities and slashes government spending by at least $150 billion annually.
Senate Republicans’ campaign arm, the National Republican Congressional Committee, singled out Democratic Georgia Sen. Jon Ossoff, for voting against advancing the president’s bill. Ossoff is widely viewed as the most vulnerable Democratic incumbent running for reelection. The legislation’s tax component notably averts a $2.6 trillion tax increase on households earning less than $400,000 per year, according to Senate Finance Committee Republicans.
“Jon Ossoff’s hatred for Donald Trump shows he cares more about pleasing the radical leftists he’s courting for re-election than delivering for Georgia’s workers and families,” NRSC regional press secretary Nick Puglia said in a statement. “In 2026, voters will hold Ossoff accountable for his extreme policies and unwavering opposition to President Trump.”
WASHINGTON, DC – JUNE 27: U.S. Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-SD) speaks with reporters following a Senate Republican luncheon, in the U.S. Capitol on June 27, 2025 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Al Drago/Getty Images)
“Fifty-three members will never agree on every detail of legislation, let’s face it,” Thune said on the Senate floor prior to the vote.
Though every GOP senator was broadly supportive of the bill’s big-picture items, multiple sticking points kept several from voting to advance the legislation.
Tillis, who is one of the most vulnerable Republicans up for reelection in 2026, told reporters earlier on Saturday that he would vote “no” on the motion to proceed and the vote on final passage, citing the bill’s aggressive reforms to Medicaid.
The North Carolina Republican has previously warned that the Senate’s proposal to reduce caps on Medicaid provider taxes for states who expanded coverage under the Affordable Care Act would jeopardize North Carolina’s access to tens of billions of federal Medicaid funding. Tillis argues this would result in hundreds of thousands of his constituents potentially losing coverage. He told reporters Saturday that he hopes to keep negotiating with congressional leadership and the White House to amend the text.
“This would force the state to make painful decisions like eliminating Medicaid coverage for hundreds of thousands in the expansion population, and even reducing critical services in the traditional Medicaid population,” Tillis said in a statement prior to the vote.
Thune, however, has argued for the need to crack down on provider taxes, a financing mechanism that allows states to receive additional federal Medicaid funding.
Paul voted against the motion to proceed, citing the inclusion of a $5 trillion hike in the debt ceiling within the Senate’s proposal. The Kentucky Republican has long maintained that he would vote against any legislation that would provide for the federal government to continue borrowing trillions of dollars.
Republican Missouri Sen. Josh Hawley, who was viewed as a potential GOP holdout, announced Saturday that he would vote “yes” during the procedural vote and during final passage of the bill. He cited the delayed implementation of the Medicaid provider tax crackdown and a new rural hospital fund seeking to shore up hospitals that would potentially lose Medicaid funds as his reasons for supporting the legislation.
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